Careers Florist Essay Example For Students

Careers: Florist Essay I chose floral design for my career. A florist does a variety of things in a retail flower shop. The main thing is arranging flowers. They prepare bouquets, corsages, funeral pieces, dried floral arrangements, and decorations for weddings, parties, and events. Depending on how much the owner asks of them, some florists are in charge of ordering flowers, ribbon, giftware, and other hard goods. Some also do the bookkeeping. I Chose this career because when I was little I used to go to Garden Gazebo and my Aunt Linda would give me scrap flowers to play with. Then when my grandma bought it I would come up during the summer and watch the girls work. A year and a half ago I started working there. When I started it was just bookkeeping, but I spent a lot of the summer learning design. Its fun working at the flower shop, thats the main reason I chose this career. Also, I already know a lot about the business between working in the office and out in the store. There isnt much schooling needed for this job. An eye for color, design, and depth are most important. Most florists learn on the job. Working part time and summer jobs in flower shops and nurseries is extremely helpful. They must have a knowledge of flowers and plants. In some instances even the giftware part of a retail shop. One of the girls I work with started hanging around her moms shop in Jr. High, and worked there during high school and college. Then she went to a floral design school in Indiana for a three week course. She has had a lot of on the job training, which is the best thing you can do to improve your floral design skills. Being a florist gives you the freedom to work almost anywhere in the world. Every large city has lots of flower shops, even a small town like Fairbury has two. Florists work inside in a work area, and sometimes on the selling floor. This job requires constant standing, which is one of the downsides. Other than that the working conditions are ideal. Chances for promotion in this job are slim. Entry level florists take orders and do some simple arranging. All it takes to move up to the next level is practice. Watching and learning from a skilled florist is the key. Some shops also have a manager, this is another position for a skilled floral designer.A florist works in two ways: alone and with others. The actual arranging is done alone. It takes a great deal of concentration and creativity to put together a floral arrangement. Yet, they definatly need to be able to get along with other people. You never know what type of personality the person who just walked in the door has. It takes a lot of patience, especially when it comes to working with that customer who is impossible to please. I found a website where it will give you estimated salaries for a particular job in your town. A floral designer in Fairbury is estimated to make $36,622 a year. This means you can make anywhere from $30,000 to about $45,000 a year around this area. Most florists work a 40 hour week, and some are required to work Saturdays. There is always overtime around the busy holidays such as Mothers Day, Valentines Day, Prom, and Homecoming. A florist with tons of experience may get a job in a big flower shop like the ones in Chicago. At shops like these every florist has clients. They come in and sit down with their florist and discuss all the details of their arrangement. In those shops no one just walks in, ordering flowers is a big deal to them. .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa , .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa .postImageUrl , .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa , .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa:hover , .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa:visited , .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa:active { border:0!important; } .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa:active , .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u48ac336f6a24753bd202967cd28b17fa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: General Robert E. Lee Essay These shops also work with wedding planners, for big elaborate weddings. One of the girls I work with always dreamed of working at Universal Studios. There they have their own flower shop that arranges the flowers you see in all the movies. The people I know that are florists are Jane Righter, Janet Rodriguez, and Joyce Miller. These are the people that make work fun.

How To Write An Essay Using Blogging

How To Write An Essay Using BloggingAn online sample essay is a very good way to give a glimpse of the writer's idea and creativity, while also getting some experience with the perfect phrase that will be used in a sample essay. There are two ways of writing a sample essay: using the usual formula of 'Thesis'Conclusion' to come up with a perfect work, or choosing an interesting topic. The former is far easier, because it is a straightforward procedure.Thesis Statement: This is the basis for your essay, which is written out using facts from your life. It should be short, precise and very specific. Your focus should be on developing a balanced view of the subject matter and not only presenting a perspective. Be sure to mention the major points that you wish to convey with your essay. Your emphasis should be on the contribution that you are making, not just the promotion of a business or company.Conclusion: When you have written out a thesis statement, it is time to move on to the concl usion. You can use the thesis statement as your foundation and then add on some facts to make it more detailed. Be sure to leave a little space between the conclusion and the thesis statement.A quality essay is going to be detailed, and should contain many details about your experiences. Writing a sample essay can serve as a vehicle to share important information that can help readers understand your thoughts on a particular subject. If your essay is of a good quality, then you will not only learn about a subject matter, but you will also have something that you can refer back to in the future.A blog is a great way to make a very informative piece. When you write an essay in a blog, it has the benefit of being short, concise and to the point. In addition, you will learn how to use the proper grammar and punctuation, along with giving your readers information that they need to know.You should always consider using a blog to become familiar with how to write an essay for your audience . You should be sure to maintain the tone of the blog in terms of style and tone. The more you practice, the more comfortable you will be in posting and editing your essays. For example, if you decide to continue using a blog to publish your essays, then you will need to figure out how to use the correct syntax and punctuation in your essay.So you see, blogging is not only a great place to practice your research skills, but it is also a way to show off your ability to write and develop your own ideas. It also allows you to have a little fun while doing so. Whether you want to write a blog for personal use or for business purposes, you can be sure that blogging will provide you with the ability to develop a writer's style that will last a lifetime.

Ritalin Essays - Methylphenidate, , Term Papers

Ritalin Ritalin The Babysitter of the 90's 07/03/2000 Prepared for Nursing 2116 by Tracey Hardin Ritalin (Methylphenidate) is a mild CNS stimulant. In medicine, Ritalin's primary use is treatment of Attention Deficit /Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). The mode of action in humans is not completely understood, but Ritalin presumably activates the arousal system of the brain stem and the cortex to produce its stimulant effect. Recently, the frequency of diagnosis for ADHD has increased dramatically. More children and an increasing number of adults are being diagnosed with ADHD. According to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) (Bailey 1995), prescriptions for Ritalin have increased more than 600% in the past five years. Ritalin has a long history of controversy regarding side effects and potential for abuse, however it greatly benefits those with ADHD. Ritalin (Methylphenidate) is manufactured by CIBA-Geigy Corporation. It is supplied in 5 mg., 10 mg., and 20 mg. tablets, and in a sustained release form, Ritalin SR, in 20 mg. tablets. It is readily water soluble and is intended for oral use. It is a Schedule II Controlled Substance under both the Federal and Vermont Controlled Substance Acts. Ritalin is primarily used in the treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) (Bailey 1995). ADHD is a condition most likely based in an inefficiency and inadequacy of Dopamine and Norepinephrine hormone availability, typically occurring when a person with ADHD tries to concentrate. Ritalin improves the efficiency of the hormones Dopamine and Norepinephrine, increasing the resources for memory, focus, concentration and attention (Clark 1996). Ritalin has been used for more than 30 years to treat ADHD. Nervousness and insomnia are the most common adverse reactions reported, but are usually controlled by reducing dosage or omitting the afternoon or evening dose. Decreased appetite is also common but usually transient (Long 1996). According to Clark (1996), children, adolescents and adults diagnosed with ADHD usually report the following effects when successfully treated with Ritalin: Improved concentration Better focus Improved ability to complete their work Improved intensity of attention and longer attention span Reduced distractibility Reduced impulsivity Reduced restlessness and overactivity Improved patience More elaborate expressive vocabulary Better written expression and handwriting (especially in children) An improved sense of alertness Improved memory for visual as well as auditory stimuli Ritalin exhibits pharmacological activity similar to that of amphetamines. Ritalin's exact mechanism of action in the CNS is not fully understood, but the primary sites of activity appear to be in the cerebral cortex and the subcortical structures including the thalamus. Ritalin blocks the reuptake mechanism present in dopaminergic neurons. As a result, sympathomimetic activity in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system increases. Ritalin-induced CNS stimulation produces a decreased sense of fatigue, an increase in motor activity and mental alertness, mild euphoria, and brighter spirits. In the PNS, the actions of Ritalin are minimal at therapeutic doses (Clinical Pharmacology Online 1997). Ritalin is the quickest of all oral ADHD stimulant medications in onset of action: it starts to achieve benefit in 20 - 30 minutes after administration, and is most effective during the upward slope' and peak serum levels. Ritalin's effect is brief: Most people experience 2-3 hours of benefit, but after 3 hours, benefits drop off rapidly. Some individuals, especially children, may obtain 4 or even 5 hours of positive effect (Clark 1996). Recently, there has been a dramatic upsurge of interest in using stimulants (mainly Ritalin) for children and adults for the increasingly popular diagnosis of ADHD. According to Persky (1996), the high frequency of the diagnosis of ADHD is a uniquely American phenomenon. Children and adults are now under greater pressure to perform and to do well academically or in the workplace. The chilling message in school and at work is Perform or Else. Because of this high intensity atmosphere, the use of Ritalin has become attractive. This has resulted in an acute epidemic of ADHD and the treatment of choice is Ritalin (Persky 1996). For example, after education reforms spearheaded by Ross Perot in Texas in 1984, Ritalin use in the state doubled. One Texas mother says she is being hounded by teachers to put her two boys on Ritalin against their psychologist's advice. Another mother says she had to ask a school board member to intervene when teachers at her child's school also pressed for

Transition Metal Colors in Aqueous Solution

Transition Metal Colors in Aqueous Solution The transition metals form colored ions, complexes, and compounds in aqueous solution. The characteristic colors are helpful when performing a qualitative analysis to identify the composition of a sample. The colors also reflect interesting chemistry that occurs in transition metals. Transition Metals and Colored Complexes A transition metal is one that forms stable ions that have incompletely filled d orbitals. By this definition, technically not all of the d block elements of the periodic table are transition metals. For example, zinc and scandium arent transition metals by this definition because Zn2 has a full d level, while Sc3 has no d electrons. A typical transition metal has more than one possible oxidation state because it has a partially filled d orbital. When transition metals bond to one more neutral or negatively charged nonmetal species (ligands), they form what are called transition metal complexes. Another way to look at a complex ion is as a chemical species with a metal ion at the center and other ions or molecules surrounding it. The ligand attaches to the central ion by dative covalent or coordinate bond. Examples of common ligands include water, chloride ions, and ammonia. Energy Gap When a complex forms, the shape of the d orbital changes because some are nearer the ligand than others: Some d orbitals move into a higher energy state than before, while others move to a lower energy state. This forms an energy gap. Electrons can absorb a photon of light and move from a lower energy state into a higher state. The wavelength of the photon that is absorbed depends on the size of the energy gap. (This is why splitting of s and p orbitals, while it occurs, does not produce colored complexes. Those gaps would absorb ultraviolet light and not affect the color in the visible spectrum.) Unabsorbed wavelengths of light pass through a complex. Some light is also reflected back from a molecule. The combination of absorption, reflection, and transmission results in the apparent colors of the complexes. Transition Metals May have More Than One Color Different elements may produce different colors from each other. Also, different charges of one transition metal can result in different colors. Another factor is the chemical composition of the ligand. The same charge on a metal ion may produce a different color depending on the ligand it binds. Color of Transition Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution The colors of a transition metal ion depend on its conditions in a chemical solution, but some colors are good to know (especially if youre taking AP Chemistry): Transition Metal Ion Color Co2+ pink Cu2+ blue-green Fe2+ olive green Ni2+ bright green Fe3+ brown to yellow CrO42- orange Cr2O72- yellow Ti3+ purple Cr3+ violet Mn2+ pale pink Zn2+ colorless A related phenomenon is the emission spectra of transition metal salts, used to identify them  in  the  flame test.

High mortality rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

High mortality rate - Essay Example It`s between Democratic Republic of the Congo who is 2,511 km to the east and Namibia who is also 1,376 km to the south. Zambia is also 1,110 km away to the east of Angola (James, 2004). Population Angola population has grown for the past fifty years with a total population of 20.6 million people recorded by the year 2012. It hit an all time high of 20.60 Million by the 2012 which was a record low of 5.01 Million people in December of 1960. The population of this African country represents 0.28 percent of world?s total population. This may statistically imply that at least a person in every 355 people in the world is an Angolan. Angola experiences a population growth rate of 2.7 percent as revealed in 2012. It`s worth noting that Angola has numerous indigenous ethnic groups. However, there exist only three prominent ethnic groups who make up majority of the Angola population. The highest ethnic group is Ovimbundu tribe who make up 37 percent of the Angola population. Second in the ra nk is the Mbundu tribe who has also been existence for quite a long time. They represent about 22 percent of the population. Finally, the third largest ethnic group in Angola is the Bakongo. This group makes up to 13 percent to 15 percent of the country`s total population (James, 2004). Government The Republic of Angola administers the multiparty presidential regime type of government. There are a total of eighteen provinces in Angola which form part of administrative divisions in the country. Angola has never had any judicial review of the legislation. Their civil legal system is still based on the Portuguese civil law. The government is divided into three arms: 1. The executive arm. The president and his vice head the executive arm of government. The president is both the head of state and government. The country has ministries that are run by cabinet councils. The council of ministers is appointed by the president himself. The national assembly indirectly elects the president for a five year term but the president is still eligible for another consecutive term or discontinuous term. The 2010 constitution stipulates that votes are cast for parties not individuals but the leader of the party which will have more votes becomes the president. 2. Legislative arm. There is a unicameral National Assembly with 220 seats. Members are elected by a proportional vote to be in office for five year term. Elections are held every five years in Angola. 3. Judicial arm. There is a supreme court with Supreme Court judges but headed by the chief justice. This court has 11 judges who serve a seven term and are appointed by the president upon the Supreme Court judicial council recommendation. Out of this judges, the president and national assembly elect four judges each with two elected by the supreme national council and one judge elected by submission of curricula (James, 2004). Economy The economic growth rate in Angola in recent years was occasioned by high international pr ices for oil. Currently Angola is producing more than 1.5 million barrels a day for international market. Production of oil together with its supporting activities forms about 86% of gross domestic product, GDP, besides diamond exports which forms an additional 4%. Most of the people here depend on

Electronic notepad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Electronic notepad - Essay Example Elecwrit notebooks will be small in size, portable, simple, customized covering and exclusively for writing purpose. In the start we will only target the Melbourne market however, at later stages we aim to target customer segments from other geographical regions of Australia. We will target the customers based on their income level and profession. Our major target market segments include students and working professionals. We will adopt premium pricing strategy in the beginning however, at later stages we may switch to price penetration strategy. To promote the products we will create a strong marketing campaign in which we will participate in the trade fairs and we will also visit the universities, colleges and companies. We will offer special wholesale packages to the universities and companies in the beginning. The financial information in the report shows that we will require an initial capital of $400,000 to start up the company and in the first year of operations our net profit is expected to be above $90,000. Therefore, we believe that Elecwrit will be a successful venture. Elecwrit offers high quality electronic products to those who are seeking trendy, stylish and easily portable products. We offer our products to a broad spectrum of consumers by offering them at affordable prices. To select the target market, the market segmentation strategy will be demographics market segmentation. The two variables including the income level and profession will be selected to segment the Australian market. Since the company will start its operations from the Melbourne market therefore, at the initial stage only the universities and companies in Melbourne will be targeted. Following table shows the target market of Elecwrit. We aim to target students and professionals with the income level of $5000 and above. The income level represents the individual income and not the household income. Since students

History of the Public Smoking Ban

History of the Public Smoking Ban The emergence of public smoking ban can be backdated to 1590 when Pope Urban VII threatened to excommunicate anyone who took any form of tobacco inside a church. Afterwards other European cities enacted smoking bans. Modern, countrywide tobacco ban was imposed in Germany during the rein of Adolf Hitler. In the sunset years of the 20th century, second-hand health related risks of tobacco smoking became more publicized. Coupled with restrictions on cigarette advertising and fear of revenue losses, the tobacco industry embarked on campaigns aimed at â€Å"tolerance and courtesy† to reduce the heightened tension between smoker and non-smokers, whilst eluding issues related smoking ban. Over the years, laws implementing bans on outdoor smoking have been enacted by many countries in various ways. The Irish government became the first country to do so. In one form or another, is also has been enacted in countries such as USA, Norway, Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, South Africa, United Kingdom and Australia. The World Health Organization (1997) survey on tobacco control policies reported that a vast majority of countries numbering to 134 now have some form of restriction on smoking in public places. The underlying explanations cited for smoking bans in public places has often been safeguarding of the society from the its detrimental effects, which include increased risks of cancer, heart disease, and other acute and chronic diseases. The implementers have often put forward scientific evidence showing that tobacco smoking is harmful to the smokers and to those inhaling second-hand smoke. Air quality has often been advocated by the public one of the advantages of smoking ban. For this reason, the basis for smoking ban rationale relates to normative economics. Normative economics entails value judgements about â€Å"what the economy ought to be like† or what particular policy measures ought to be undertaken to achieve a desirable objective. Since normative economics looks into the appropriateness of particular aspects of the economy, it advocates for economic policies. In this case, the value desirable goal aims at reducing health care costs and improve productivity and create job opportunities, reduced risk of fire, cleanliness in places where food are handled, potential cutback on energy (decreased ventilation needs), reduced quantities of litter, make it easier for smokers to quit, and to promote healthier environments. Although restrictions attributed to smoking ban are primarily intended to reduce exposure to second hand smoke, it is most likely that there will be a reduction in smokers opportunity to indulge. This may lead to significant reductions in cigarettes smoked and consequently the â€Å"cost of smoking† Chaloupka and Warner (2000). In particular will be the smokers working or mostly spend most of the time within the Central Business District (CBD) of Nairobi where the smoking ban law is stringent as compared to the suburban. In Ireland, for example, it is said that approximately 7,000 smokers are thought to have quit in the first six months after imposition. What does this imply? First of all it is essential to acknowledge that cigarettes as products have inelastic demand. Tobacco is the raw product for cigarettes and contains nicotine an addictive substance that has no close substitutes. According to Curbing the Epidemic (The World Bank, 1999), elasticity of cigarette ranges on an average of (-0.4) though it varies from region to region, and from study to study. With this simple observation, it therefore implies that the total quantities of cigarettes consumed by each individual ‘continuing smoker will decline, ceteris paribas. This means, that there was an inward shift in demand for cigarettes after the implementation of the ban. Figure 2 demonstrates this implication of shift in demand. Before the enactment of the smoking ban, the consumers demand curve was D1 and the amount spent totaled to Kshs. 100.00 as depicted by the shaded area (OABF). After the enactment, the demand shifted to D2, hence the consumer total expenditure was Kshs. 50.00 as shown by the area (OACE). Economists have often referred to this phenomenon as non-price measures to reduce demand on cigarette. The imposition of smoking ban in the proximity of Kenyas county councils and municipalities includes all workplaces (private and public), businesses and public places (indoor and outdoor) with the exception of restaurants which have been obliged to designate special smoking zones. In the Nairobi for example, there are only three spots in the Central Business District (CBD) allocated smoking zones which do not sufficiently address the needs of all smokers. This ban comes in at the time when the tobacco manufacturing industry BAT Kenya Ltd. has been pushed to a threshold level as a result of tough regulation on advertisement campaign. What will the consumer do with the rest of the money saved? Since the consumer will be saving Kshs. 50.00, daily it will sum up to Kshs. 1,500.00 per month. This would definitely affect the cigarette position on the consumers budget line, assuming the income remains the same. In the Neoclassical economics, the goal of consumer behavior is utility maximization (consistent with maximization of net benefits). This means that the marginal utility of the last Shilling spent on the last cigarette will be equal to the marginal utility of the last Shilling spent on any ‘other good (equimargin principle). To get a better picture of this situation, let assume the following: Before smoking ban After smoking ban Income Kshs.30,000Kshs.30,000 Expenditure on cigarettesKshs. 3,000Kshs. 1,500 Amount spent on others Kshs.27,000Kshs.28,500 Table 1: Cigarette smokers budget before and after ban Figure 2 shows the smokers (consumer) budget line. Since the consumer is constrained by it the budget line, the new law will results into an outward movement along the budget line of the expenditure dedicated to smoking relative to what is spent on others. The implication is that the extra money derived from the reduction of smoking will be substituted and spent on others. This may at times result into some level of decrease in demand for inferior goods. Maybe the smoker will buy a gift for his wife or girlfriend, some items for himself, indulge in other activities such as beer drinking to divert from the affects of the smoking ban. In an interesting scenario would be where the consumer will be end up spending on expensive cigarettes since the consumer may want to maximize on utility. The smoking ban carries along with it requirements that the hospitality sector (hotels, casinos, bars and restaurants) has to designate regions for smokers and non-smokers. In addition it would be a not be a surprise to observe â€Å"no-smoking† and â€Å"smoking† related signs in these places. This will have a twofold effect which can also be viewed from the point of opportunity cost of smoking on businesses (due to the fact that the new decree is at times not adhered and may be up to the business to decide despite them knowing of the legal risks involved). One will be on the businesses that will follow the decree. These businesses may benefit from the fact that they may not lose on some non-smoking clientele base, but lose on some smokers who may avoid these places due to the pinching effect of the ban. The second would be businesses that would not completely adhere to the decree and may loose on clientele that may not appreciate the fact that they are not being ackno wledged, but gain from smokers who may feel that they are not being restricted. In general, economic loss will be experience in varying businesses in the hospitality sector. These include: The imposing of smoking ban will reduce pollution causing activities since the polluters, that is, smokers will be affected. This will result into increased levels of purified or cleanliness of the air. Unfortunately this does not come free. In economics any improvement linked to the environment has both benefits and costs to the society. There exists a trade-off between how much improvement is gained and how much money is used. This can be demonstrated by bringing together marginal benefits and marginal costs into one figure to provide some indication of the exchange and determine how socially efficient is the environmental improvement. What economists term as the socially efficient quantity of pollution† means that social benefits will be maximized when pollution is reduced to a certain point. Unfortunately, too much pollution reduction is too costly for us to undertake. In the case of smoking ban in Kenya, net social benefits can be determined by the difference between total benefit (TB) and total cost (TC): Why? For example in the demand and supply curve, consumer surplus is can be determined by the area above the market price (equilibrium) and below the demand curve, which is similar to our case above. The implications would be that there will be a positive social benefit as results of smoking ban and clean air due to movement from MC1 to MC2 This law will entail some long term implication in that it will prevent the youth from smoking at an early stage, as there will be lesser number of people exposed to the perils of smoking. Hence this will greatly benefit the society in terms of reduced levels of current and mostly essentially, the future generation. Furthermore, restrictions on smoking may change the perceived norms related to smoking by changing attitudes concerning the social acceptability of smoking (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994). Evidence has shown that hospital admissions related to heart attacks the cases of dropped due to enactment of the ban. For example, after the smoking ban was imposed 2003 in Pueblo, Colorado USA heart attacked cases dropped by 27% while neighbouring towns where the ban was not introduced showed no change. Also a survey conducted in Scotland showed that smoking ban has some positive impact on health. The research revealed that massive health gain as a result of smoking ban. So not only will individual Kenyan smokers benefit in terms of better health (since some would quit while the continuing smokers will reduce indulging) but also potential second hand smokers (such as bar workers and those who spend considerable time with the smokers). Net social benefit (NB) = Total Benefit (TB) Total Cost (TC) NB = TB TC In economics, â€Å"net benefits are maximized where marginal benefit equals marginal cost (MB = MC)†. The same applies for socially efficient point that occurs where MB = MC and the point where they interact (MB and MC), maximum net social benefits is realized. This is demonstrated in figure 3 where as a result of the imposition of smoking ban MC1 shifts to MC2, causing the equilibrium to change from E1 to E2. Since smoking ban results to E2, then net social benefits is computed as: NSB = A + B + C C NSB = A + B Loss of revenue Loss of actual employment A decline in wages and salary payments Besides the cigarette manufacturers, the impact of a ban is expected to trickle down the industry chain. This includes the tobacco farmers. In Kenya, there are 300,000 farmers involved in growing of tobacco leaves, which means that there would likely be a reduction in revenue on their side. This will result into some of them halting the growing the tobacco leaves and looking for other substitution to their farming. The fear of being phased out is another determining factor on the future volumes (tobacco leaves) produced unless the tobacco industries takes alternative measures to increase it foreign exports and counter local market situation, hence ensure no decline in local quantities of tobacco leaves demand. It is obvious that the reduction of health risks will result into less expenditure that the government will spend of health care in the long run. This ensures improved productivity which will boost the production possibility frontier (PPT). Others benefits to the government include gains in terms of less energy used for ventilation needs and possibilities of increased investment. One would expect that the government revenue would be reduced from the drop in taxes gained from the manufacturing industries, tobacco farmers and the hospitality. Unfortunately this does not seem to be the case. In June 2007, a month before the enactment of the ban, the Kenyan government increased the â€Å"Sin-Taxes†. It seems that the government had counter measures of reducing any chances of future loss of revenue in anticipation of the ban in Junly 2007. For this reason, then it appears that the stakeholders (smokers and related industries) took the overall burden. However, the government will need to create more job opportunities for loss in employment. In addition, government will have to give subsidies to tobacco farmers since the new law will reduce their income and discourage them to continue farming. Since cigarettes contain the addictive substance called nicotine, some smokers may not be able to eventually quit. This may prompt the government to initiate surrogate smoking programs such â€Å"smoking cessation†. One would expect that the new law will impact on the valuation of the tobacco industries. This is definitely true since there was an initial drop in the stock price of BAT stock in the NSE immediately after the ban was enacted. According to The East African, it is estimated that the BAT stocks in the NSE lost Ksh3.5 billion ($48.6 million) in a period of one year. BAT share prices dropped from Kshs. 200 per share to Kshs. 165.00, the lowest during that trading period. In spite of this, today, the stock price has stabilized. This can be owed to the fact that the short run production was affected which led to market speculations of the uncertainty of the BAT in the long run. However, BAT did take counter measures of expanding its foreign market hence giving assurance of long run. Currently, according to Business Daily, so far the BAT shares at the NSE have been stable despite further series of smoking bans by other local authorities. This is consistent with economics of production wher e all the fixed factors of production are variable in the long run hence ensuring some level of return to scale just as BAT has done to ensure it stays in production. Contrarily, in the short run, a firm is only able to change the variable factors and not fixed factors just as the stock prices of BAT reflect in short run versus long run.